Heraclius

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Heraclius was the first Byzantine Emperor of the Heraclian dynasty. In 608, alongside his father (then the Exarch of Africa), he rebelled against the tyrannical Emperor Phocas. In 610, he defeated Phocas and became the new Emperor. During Phocas's reign, Byzantium had lost part of its eastern territory to the Sasanian Empire. Heraclius attempted to reconquer this territory, but was soundly defeated. The Sasanians advanced all the way to the Bosphorus, directly threatening the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Thanks to the city's mighty walls and powerful navy, Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, Heraclius adopted a series of reforms to rebuild and strengthen the Byzantine army. In 627, Heraclius finally defeated the Sasanians at the Battle of Nineveh. The Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire was overthrown, and his successor soon sued for peace. The territory Heraclius recaptured soon came under a new threat. The ascendant Rashidun Caliphate from Arabia had managed to swiftly conquer the Sasanian Empire, and made significant inroads into Egypt, Armenia, and Mesopotamia. Faced with this new crisis, Heraclius once again reformed the army, allowing his successors to slow down the Caliphate's expansion. Under Heraclius's reign, the Byzantine Empire continued to become more Hellenized. Greek became the official language of the Empire, and Heraclius became the first Emperor to officially adopt the Greek title "Basileus".
Epithet
The First Basileus
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